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Robert Reich, secretary of labor in the Clinton administration, has pointed out, “The very idea of an American economy is becoming meaningless, as are the notions of an American corporation, American capital, American products, and American technology.”14 Multinationals may represent a threat to national autonomy, affecting not only small nations but also the United States. When Americans try to think through the issues raised by the complex interweaving of our economic and political interests Cheap Air Max Trainers , they will not be helped by what they learned in their American history courses. History textbooks do not even mention multinationals. The topic doesn’t fit their <a href="http://www.timberlandsbootsoutlet.com/"><strong>cheap timberland boots</strong></a> “international good guy” approach. Only American Adventures even lists “multinationals” in its index, and its treatment consists of a Single sentence: “These investments [in Europe after World War I] led to the development of multinational corporationslarge companies with interests in several countries,” Even this lone statement is inaccurate: European multinationals date back centuries, and American multinationals have played an important role in pur history since at least 1900. Textbooks might begin discussing the i nike air max 360 nfluence of multinational corporations on U.S. foreign policy with the administration of Woodrow Wilson. Pressure from First National Bank of New York helped prompt Wilson’s intervention in Haiti. U.S. interests owned more of Mexico than interests from anywhere else, including Mexico itself, which helps explain Wilson’s repeated nike air max turnaround invasions of that country. In Russia the new communist government nationalized all petroleum assets; as a consequence, Standard Oil of New Jersey was “the major impetus” behind American opposition to the Bolsheviks.15 nike air max 2009 Textbooks mystify these circumstances, however. The closest they come to telling the story of economic influences on our foreign policy is in passages such as this, from The Challenge of Freedom, regarding Wilson’s interventions in Mexico: “Many Americans were very interested in the outcome of these events in Mexico. This was because over 40,000 Americans lived in Mexico. Also, American businesses had invested about 1 billion dollars in Mexico.” Here Challenge makes almost a pun of interested. In its ensuing analysis of Wilson’s interventions, Challenge never again mentions American interests and instead takes Wilson’s policies at face value. The treatment of Wilson’s Haitian invasion in The American Pageant is still more naive: Hoping to head off trouble, Washington urged Wall Street bankers Air Max Sneaker to pump dollars into the financial vacuums in Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign funds. The United States, under the Monroe Doctrine, WATCHING BIG BROTHER -213 would not permit foreign nations to intervene, and consequently it had some moral obligation to interfere financially to prevent economic and political chaos. Evidently even our financial intervention was humanitarian! The authors of Pageant could use a shot of the realism supplied by former Marine Corps Gen, Smedley D. Butler, whose 19 31 statement has become famous: I helped make Mexico safe for American oil interests in 1914. 1 helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenue in. I helped purify Nicaragua for <a href="http://www.timberlandsbootsoutlet.com/specials.html"><strong>timberland boots sale</strong></a> the international banking house of Brown Brothers. . . . 1 brought light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interests in 1916, 1 helped make Honduras “right” for American fruit nike air max shoes companies in 1903. Looking back on it, 1 might have given Al Capone a few hints.16 Business influence on U.S. foreign policy did not start with nike air max 1 Woodrow Wilson’s administration, h cheap nike air max 90 owever. John A. Hobson, in his 1903 book Imperialism, described “a constantly growing tendency” of the wealthy class “to use their political power as citizens of this State to interfere with the political condition of those States where they have an industrial stake.”17 Nor did such influence end with Wilson. Jonathan Kwitny’ fine book Endless Enemies cites various distortions of U.S. foreign policy owing to specific economic interests of individual corporations and/or to misconceived ideological interests of U.S. foreign policy planners. Kwitny points out that during the entire period from 1953 to 1977, the people in charge of U.S. foreign policy were all on the Rockefeller family payroll. Dean Rusk and Henry Kissinger, who ran our foreign policy from 1961 to 1977, were dependent upon Rockefeller payments for their very solvency.18 Nonetheless, no textbook ever mentions the influence of multinationals on U.S. policy. This is the case not necessarily because textbook authors are afraid of offending multinationals, but because they never discuss any influence on U.S. policy. Rather, they present our governmental policies as rational humanitarian responses to trying situations, and they do not seek to penetrate the surface of the government’s own explanations of its actions. Having ignored why the federal government acts as it does, textbooks proceed to ignore much of what the government does. Textbook authors portray the U.S. government’s actions as agreeable and nice, even when U.S. government officials have admitted motives and intentions of a quite different nature. Among 214 * LIES MY T E A C H E R TOLD ME the less savory examples are various attempts nike air max 97 by U.S. officials and agencies to assassinate leaders or bring down governments of other countries. The United States has indulged in activities of this sort at least since the nike air max 87 Wilson administration, which hired two nike air max turbulence Japanese-Mexicans Nike Trainers to try to poison Pancho Villa,’* I <a href="http://98tg.com/show.asp?id=155748"><strong>bailey button ugg boots » ugg boots outlet</strong></a> surveyed the twelve textbooks to see how they treated six more recent US, attempts to subvert foreign governments. To ensure that the events were adequately covered in the historical literature, I examined only incidents that occurred before 1973, well before any of these textbooks went to press. The episodes are: 1. our assistance to the shah’s f nike air max tn action in Iran in deposing Prime Minister Mussadegh and returning the shah to the throne in 1953; 2, our role in bringing down the elected government of Guatemala in 1954; 3. our rigging of the 1957 election in Lebanon, which entrenched the Christians on top and led to the Muslim revolt and civil war the next year; 4. our involvement in the assassination of Patrice Lumumba of Zaire in 1961; 5, our repeated attempts to murder Premier Fidel Castro of Cuba and bring down his government by terror and sabotage; and 6, our role in bringing down the elected government of Chile in 1973. The U.S. government caJls actions such as these “state-sponsored terrorism” when other countries do them to us. We would be indignant to learn of Cuban or Libyan attempts to influence our politics or destabilize our economy. Our government expressed outrage at Iraq’s Saddam Hussein for trying to arrange the assassination of former President Bush when he visited Kuwait in 1993 and retaliated with a bombing attack on Baghdad, yet the United States has repeatedly orchestrated similar assassination attempts. In 1990 Warren Cohen resigned from the historical committee that he headed at the State Department to protest the government’s deletion f cheap nike air max rom its official history of U.S. foreign relations of “all mention of the C.I.A. coup that put Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi in power in Iran in 19 nike air max 87 53.”3?Eight of the nike air max turnaround twelve textbooks I reviewed would side with the U.S. government against Cohen: they too say nothing about our overthrow of Mussadegh. The American Pageant and Life and Liberty stand out with far and away the most accurate accounts. Here is the paragraph from Life and Liberty: