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Yao Guohua, a senior Department of Philosophy, Huazhong University of Science lecturer, who opened the school humanities lectures, was first prize of National Teaching Achievement, the \mode
economic, political and culture are the three fundamentals of a social structure. on the relationship between them, there are two different interpretations.
a model of mechanical materialism, the economy is the foundation, political and culture is a superstructure (the political culture is closer relative to the base). base determines the superstructure, the superstructure on the basis of reaction. This is the last Soviet-style ideology to our understanding of the textbook, but even today, textbooks objectionable people, most of still hold this understanding.
a model of philosophy of life, society is an organism, the economy is the metabolic system, political and legal system is the control system, the immune system is the nerve center of culture, equivalent to the brain, or gene. It would appear that culture is the soul of politics is the commander, the operation of the economy is a reality. This understanding, but also comply with the logic of the evolution of human civilization.
understand the former, the productivity is primary and decisive, purpose, and other all around it, serve it, it will start to depend on.
In the latter mode of understanding, the productivity since it is people to change their natural capacities, which is certainly not the instinct of animals , but the person acquired the ability to dominate the wisdom. This is the cultural wisdom. Therefore, to determine a social productive forces, is its culture, including belief in rationality, science and technology, ethics credit, and so artistic imagination.
Culture Thought and Civilization Culture and Civilization
thinking there is a difference.
culture with emphasis on \is the internal genesis of the process, turn and emphasis on spiritual spiritual cultivation, breeding, conservation. Thus, culture is present in the human heart in the self-consciousness is purely spiritual things, it also stressed that from the depths of life species of the impulse to seek self-realization.
civilization, with emphasis on \emphasis on social life of tangible things, the external structure. Thus, civilization is created out of the material or performance of, solidified things. In a mature society, it gives everyone a priori facts and established standards.
culture of thinking emphasizes the inner subjective world, especially people in the spirit of autonomy, initiative and creativity.
civilized people thinking seriously face the objective world, especially in material possession, comfort degree of satisfaction.
German thinker in contemporary eyes, the culture is intrinsic, fresh, viable, creative processes of life. civilization are external handbag retail, reified, crystallization, and conventional social status. It would appear that culture is the human pursuit of the process of civilization is the result of the pursuit. This culture of thinking, is clearly more emphasis on the importance of culture, civilization before.
textbooks we have used the Soviet materialism: Since Culture is the spirit of civilization is material, then civilization is the fundamental and primary, culture is just a reflection of civilization is the product of dependence; first, civilization, civilization, culture determines the orientation; culture stage, singing the economy, is the end of civilization, culture is only tool.
Today, we are more interested in style with a contemporary American realist thinking, emphasizing the importance of civilization, it is because we look for an established state of modern civilization in Europe and America, is our modern goal, we even believe that universal human values and the highest truth. As for our hearts, do not have any doubt, hesitation, reflection, what is not convinced, honestly and integration of Western civilization on the line. Therefore contemporary China Basically, people tend to be subordinated to this civilization mm of thinking outside the established logic of power and strength, few listen to some cultural thinking mm inner life and spirit of the original impulse of the call.
course, in today's global structure, the U.S. and Europe the center of the country, was built on the world standard of identity on their civilization, so they are happy to promote this culture of thinking. I am a civilized, bin Laden is a savage, or with me, or go with him.
However, the human history of any civilized system of an independent, has its own internal culture as the core. Even primitive tribes have their own specific taboos, totems, altars, people were holding a kind of awe and faith, and the resulting thinking system and discourse, the dominant activities of human existence, which is the fundamental difference between man and animals.
continues to this day not to mention the great ancient civilizations, China, India, Persia, Palestine and Greece, are in about 800 BC between -200 and almost the same time have their own cultural tradition of the classic recorded, thus stable inheritance, interpretation of the world's major civilizations to today. This is the Karl Jaspers called \
the cultural core of modern Western civilization and Western civilization comes from the Greek
almost all mysteries are derived from the ancient Greek culture.
the cultural thinking of modern Western civilization, it is by no means any kind of culture may conceived, the four ancient agricultural civilization did not, even in the Greek region has a small farming plains of Sparta did not, except in the mountains grows grapes and olives only elegant city, gave birth to a unique culture, a particular way of thinking.
people here could not self-sufficient, can only rely on navigation, the transfer of wine and olive oil to the Mediterranean, the Black Sea coast of the country, to exchange the information they need to live. travel the world to strengthen the geometric thinking, the generation of frequent trading of digital thinking, professional hand had atomistic thinking. The thought finally in Plato, Aristotle became more refined under the summary: people are thousands of visible changes things behind, with a condition known as \to explain and manipulate objects. This is rational thinking characteristic of Western origin. almost all of a Greek philosopher of knowledge and expertise, in terms of speech that, for the wisdom and the wisdom of tradition, and to this \; of rational thinking, to grasp the general principle behind all things. Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy and the Roman law of thinking behind all this.
Western rational thinking was integrated into Christian theology, and In medieval philosophy survive and then in the Renaissance and Reformation culture, germination and growth of the backbone of modern culture, and finally evolved into modern Western civilization, the two pillars of culture: scientific thought and legal thinking. In modern society, people face Naturally, that is, through Newtonian laws of science to manipulate it, and this is the science and technology; people face the community, but also to the common law, strict contract to establish order, which is of democratic rule of law. their genes is a common culture, people In their own interests, emotions, personality above can identify a common logical empirical laws, rules, axioms, laws.
This kind of thinking is no tradition in China, the Chinese people of all truth, not empirical principle objective scale, but a visual life to experience the truth for the scale. Chinese historian Ray Huang said China will lack the kind of \Chinese agricultural civilization is naturalistic.
reconstruction doctrine of civilization as a machine, there is a clear rational framework, blueprint, strategy, and its total drawings of the designer, is the representative of the University community of scholars.
Naturalism is like an ecological civilization, there is no clear differentiation, even if we have a complex structure of complementarity constraints, appearance is also difficult to see, not the author's mission to highlight.
capitalism in particular religious and cultural background in the
Plato, the ideal world, only the philosophers are eligible to be king. medieval Europe, and indeed there is rule of holding a Bible person holding the sword. Every Western-educated people, all agree that the cornerstone of Western civilization Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the Greek culture represented. Even in the New World on the struggle for survival in the early North American immigrants, know where their roots. Opening of North America soon, so there will be a Harvard universities, it is also comparable to Plato and truth, fixed at Harvard in the school motto.
Not only that, North America North America is different from the Iberian people just want to urgently looking for gold, silver, and the earlier development, the conditions South America is also far superior, they also brought the Puritan ideal of the Nordic peoples brought the deep conversion of Christian culture.
Today, many decisions to promote the system of Chinese scholars, deliberately stressed the president's sharp sense of integrity in Washington demise , and the U.S. Constitution, the wise vision of their creators, they created a model of humanity's greatest system. But very few Chinese people to see, before the development of American capitalism the fundamental is called Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Harvard This European rational culture. In fact, known as the North American \scale. American history textbooks have deliberately emphasized \Man believed that men could go to heaven after death, God has long been set, their efforts can not change again. But people still want to know their fate, there is a saying, who can fulfill God's calling, to live in the secular where successful, to show that he is God's chosen winners. So the Pilgrims start making money for the sacred, to extravagance and waste is shameful, and even non-smoking, no drinking, no theater, no dancing. a religion to give people equal ideas, frugal ideas, the concept of vocation, spiritual and secular contract successfully verified their belief obtained pardon of God, to the people driving force behind the actions, behavior norms, the concept of life, this is the capitalist mode of production needs.
Of course, the Protestant ethic is not created out of thin air, it is the millennium of Christianity and monasticism enlightenment results of the campaign, educate the contents of that ancient Greek spirit and the rational combination of the religious beliefs of Judaism. beyond the Reformation happened, but by the belief in the high Middle Ages in the rational, the rational into the modern belief in higher.
Japanese-American scholar Francis Fukuyama believes that the social construction of culture, level of trust and cooperation, is to determine the main factors of economic competitiveness. All successful societies in economic, mutual trust are the social. In his view, cultural differences lead to differences in social and economic determinants. the United States, the Japanese have brought their culture of high trust society, which is where the fundamental power of capitalism reasons. The Italian, Chinese society on the relatively low degree of mutual trust, he believes this is the national organization had to rely on the reasons for the planned economy.
say that China is not nice, but do we not say that the feeling?
just died a well-known Chinese economist is Xiaokai, is a \echo creating modern civilization
Columbus discovered the New World, Europeans looked down and out, ashamed. In the decades before him, the treasure ship of Zheng of China than his boat almost two orders of magnitude larger in order to show off the amazing strength half of the world. and even if Columbus discovered the New World, they did not show for the goods to the East in exchange for the wealth of even the most inexpensive. But the Earth Europe in their theory discovered a new continent, and from there find the precious metal, used it to do global trade, beginning of primitive accumulation.
more importantly, they almost all modern industrial and commercial city a cultural center, which is from the Church independent of scholasticism university. University revived the era of Plato tradition, attempting to use an axiomatic, a general mathematical theory behind various fields to grasp the law and order, and the formation of a variety of learning systems into different categories.
modern European civilization, is the ivory tower of university cultural movement industrial and commercial city with a shooting motion with each other to respond, the result of push each other. university to the city to lead the development of popular culture, urban development proposed for the University to promote the reality.
It is said that Watt's steam engine craftsman , laid the foundation of modern industrial revolution, which shows the Greek culture and modern civilization does not matter. But further study has revealed that Watts is not possible anywhere craftsmen. He grew up by the math and science training; he improved the steam engine was Laboratory of the University of Glasgow, the famous scientist and get the key to the theoretical guidance Bulai Ke Jiao Shou; he may require horsepower power unit that can show that the theoretical foundation of his own; he was at that time scientists, engineers, industrialists, doctors, humanities scholars gathering \advanced knowledge of the school, it is the cultural center of the whole society, is a national source of wisdom and creativity. The University is in the cultural, DC, to any secular authority, whether political or economic, had to remain in awe in front of the University , absolutely no right to interfere in the University of freedom of thought.
can not imagine that the core countries which do not have first-class universities, the University of which countries do not have first-class century German power .19, or a divided feudal society, but also shrouded in the shadow of defeat. famous idealist philosopher Fichte published \education; education minister Humboldt University of Berlin, was established to Fichte as the first president; University of Berlin quickly became the center of cultural creativity of national cohesion. great ideas gave birth to a new science, new science gave birth to the high-tech, high- technology formed the most advanced productive forces; free culture culture full of personality, full of personality shaped the high quality of the social elite, to become a powerful mainstay of modern civilization. German university scientific and cultural center of the world, quickly realized the German nation unity, but also become the world's most powerful, most profound, most creative country. So far, the University of Berlin is still a model for the modern research university.
how non-Christian nation to win the process of modernization?
in our field of vision, in non-Western countries, especially non-Christian country, every step in the field of pure economic integration with the West, take the road that modern little success, but losers abound in Latin America, in Southeast Asia.
Israel is a special case. Originally, the Jewish and Christian culture have homology, and the establishment of Israel Handbag sales, the West to Islam in the context of regional penetration carried out. Interestingly, Israel's founding president , is back in a quarter century before the founding of the establishment in Palestine Hebraic University Weizmann. half a century, Israel's war continued, the proportion of education expenditure to GDP is twice the world average It is China's three times. outsiders Israel, obviously the war nations. But the Israelis themselves clearly, they are the founding culture.
Japan is a special case. Today Japan's largest denomination bank notes were on the head, not the emperor , nor is any politician, military strategist, but a man who had not done the official Enlightenment thinkers, the first university in Japan (Keio) founder Yukichi Fukuzawa. Fukuzawa said, \European civilization, you must first and then its easy its hard to those who, first of all change people's minds, and then change the decree, and finally achieve tangible material. in that order to do, although there are difficulties, but no real obstacles to achieve their goals successfully. If out of order appeared to be easy, in fact, that being the case, just stand before a wall unable to move, not hesitate, just want to move an inch, but back foot. \, first sent students, they come back soon entrusted with the important task of social change by their host. Japan has long been the \Road, the Westernization Movement nike airmax 2009 women, but completely \Eastern power.
Korea, Singapore's rise, though largely due to external challenges and opportunities, but they also have a clear cultural awareness. they realized building in the Christian culture of Western civilization over identity, then the Eastern Nation how to solve the social and cultural identity, they tend to emphasize the traditional Confucian ethics and trust for the maintenance of social order and the role of South Korean President Kim Dae Jung's .1998 also openly advocated \Taipei Mayor Ma Ying-jeou and culture with the Secretary Lung Ying-tai's \, nor the media, always suppressed by the Kuomintang government street politicians. It is said that when they carefully study and learn from the experience over the Communist Party defeated the Nationalists: the world who have to first have the world In 1991 Chen Shui-bian to visit the mainland people, a military museum piece Photos may be used as evidence, when he was mayor of Taipei, have not yet even when the heart, although the idea of Taiwan independence has long been, but of course, is not a direct rival of the PLA, and that the KMT was defeated by the PLA. So he was not so much a spy opponents, and as it is learn from the past. Then, they directly in-depth the streets and fields, the use of the Taiwan KMT bureaucratic indifference and disgust, to incite the so-called Taiwanese cultural identity, and gradually dilute the Chinese cultural identity, and finally leading Taiwan's political arena.
20 century founding of the Chinese culture in China today do not look the way most people
ignore culture, some worry about the political system openly ridiculed intellectuals and cultural thinking, However, it is a 20th century cultural movement in the endeavor. Westernization Movement (economic development), the Hundred Days Reform (Reform), Revolution (Institutional Revolutionary) have failed, Liang fled to Japan may be affected by the Fukuzawa Yukichi inspired that people change, the New People's shape is the ratio of institutional change, objects to create something more fundamental. Hu believes that countries can not warships, but not without the University; Lu pain heal mental illness is more urgent than physical illness, decided to switch from medicine From the text, to \new era of a nation. Here, we seem to see China and the world of modern civilization, rather than the surface of the deep resonance.
by Liang, \Mao Zedong began his transformation from here the history of China. he and Chiang Kai-shek shared admiration for the early years of a person Tseng, who Shenju Science foundation of Hunan traditional leaders, the military can not see the highlight, but he mastered the \; move the heart of the world \As we all know, the Republic of China Sun Yat-sen is a basket case full time, the actual unhelpful. However, armed with the Three People's Principles Whampoa Military Academy began, it has a place to overcome the warlords, step by step grow into a basic shape of the nation-state governments, also started a few years before the war fruitful economic development Air Jordan 20 (XX), and to the Japanese after the invasion not as unhindered. Chiang Kai-life authority, does not lie in how much his military genius, but simply because he was Sun Yat-sen Whampoa Military Academy under the banner of the principal.
Mao Zedong, Chiang Kai-shek superior than the place where he thought in terms of the depth, breadth of experience to create the intensity, the Communist Party and the people are brought to a belief, a kinds of expectations, a passion, and is a language, a method, a set of strategies, naturally formed a team, a system, and establish an unprecedented unity of the country, created a dynamic era. He that Yisheng exploits the key to the Yan'an, the Yan'an study movement is it not another ideology College? his later years, summing up his life, said the title of the four great annoying, but to retain a name \Normal graduate, a primary school principal, have had the Cai and Hu are doubly commendable \evaluation, filter out the emotional ups and downs that people of color, 20th century became a power-driven by the internal culture of an independent nation, and even hope for some of the weak integration with Western values and ideals of national output, in fact, the world's rare. Obviously This is also a \, exclusion of the multiple choices, and thus suspended the innovation, which spread rapidly to put into action, and possessed power, but also very easily become the political and economic interests ����.
can not be overlooked that, in the War of Resistance rear, although the National Government are corrupt, but it went so far as second only to the military's enormous financial strength, maintain or even greater than before the war of culture and education system, one of the most prominent representative is scattered in the southwest on the southwest col UN General Assembly, that is modern China seen for a well-deserved world-class university. even though it is only a short-lived eight-year history, has trained a generation of Chinese cultural elite of the world, including the 20th century industrialization Earlier Half pillars of their generation.
However, after Cai's north, especially in Southwest, the Chinese no cultural significance of a real university, independent of the political stance on economic needs, the direction of lead times. When people play down the ideological goals after and culture will be absent in the social process. people's minds like empty field, only through the window of the special economic zones, the results of the Western civilization, ready-made (and often second-hand, third-hand goods) used to imitate, tracking, integration.
culture absent modern
Shenzhen, Shanghai and Guangzhou have been proposed to twenty years in the decade lead in realizing modernization. foreigners strange, they seem, these cities continue to refresh the record height of buildings, the most fashion designers from the West airport design, bold new extension with the streets, shops stunning luxury goods, as well as manpower to a constantly updated with the mobile phone, all that it has long been the world's most modern city of.
Chinese people seems to know, software facilities in these cities is not enough, so the Government large sums to invest in construction opera, orchestras, libraries, museums, university town. But the money pile is out of the cultural facilities, but shows in , or to growth in GDP, and the whole did not mind going to the people. What tangible things have been there, there are too many tempting to chase the latest fashion.
nothing missing here, in addition to the hearts content, self-confidence , in addition to culture.
to a university head erect, proud, confident bulging chest, led their city to move forward, which in China is ridiculous. Chinese universities is almost a vocational training institute , cap in hand to follow the world trend of the professors to go, follow the leader intended to go, follow the boss needs to go, as long as students are more concerned about two things enough, foreign language, computer.
instinct of mankind to imitate originally. two hundred years ago, Modern Europeans are learning and imitation. In addition to the revival of their ancient wisdom of sages, and they strive to emulate the great Oriental. from Leibniz to Voltaire until the American Founding Fathers, all of China is full of admiration. However, due to geographical barrier, they can only follow their own eyes the East, their passion and imagination created by the Oriental story, they are pondering the formation of Eastern wisdom in the scientific theory, they discovered after going through untold hardships East the mainland, they yearn for the enlightened rule of the Emperor of China to create the illusion of the civil service system created on top of their four great inventions of modern technology system, and the \Developed transport to the upper class travel abroad is easy, comfortable, and the scenery, decent, convenient form of communication more so everyone's brain is filled with the crush of foreign reality. CCDI published data surprisingly, the Chinese government officials for a year funding for study abroad at public expense up to three billion U.S. dollars, exceeding the national education funding and health care expenses combined. A lot of people did not know foreign languages out with only Travel, great fly it. It is also the envy of the Western civilization of each detail, that the unconditional values, to be overall transplant. Of course, we start from foreigners of interest, copy number of ######## antiques. a hundred years Fossil Handbag, this country, everyone in this nation, seems to have changed everything from head to toe, inner values have not changed mode of operation and long-range strategic thinking has not changed. We are spending more and more clothing, housing keeping up with Western fashion, building closer and closer to Western cities, even the language of thinking more and more Westernized, However, the inner spirit and creativity always sleeping, do not feel the lack of reflection.
We enthusiastically participate in the Western game. in a variety of literary examinations, sports competitions, the Chinese people in the knowledge Nike AirMax 90, skills and accuracy, and often exceeds the West, won the gold medal more and more shiny. However, we are motivated by competition, earthly, temperament is rigid, the language is empty, the system is official.
I language in Germany and his wife, a teacher explains the world-famous \; mm cheap, inferior, vulgar, the audience cast their eyes all red in the face of inflation in the two mainland China students. the other in the car, she was carrying a laptop backpack straps fall off onto a Swiss kindly provided help, but curiously asked one, which is \\guidelines on the rational modern science; to the development of science, but also the whole of society to improve education. this way of thinking, the science that cultural factors have not only \productivity.
However, this is not enough, just pragmatism, instrumentalism, operating doctrine sake of discussion, not raising it to the meaning of human existence, values and high cultural quality of the whole nation; only in economic construction, the implementation of , rather than a comprehensive development strategy, does not solve the civic culture and national spirit, the inherent, fundamental problem.
science is only one measure of an objective, empirical and objective method to grasp the object and its laws, it is also used to grasp law and order, human and social, but the method is still the object-oriented; was also parallel to the humanities, the subjective scale, the value of the principle of domination and social choices, even about the description of objects and arrangements, but also based on subjective criteria.
science gives us tools to reason, to bring an effective means to achieve their aims, methods and means; human reason is to bring value to us, inspire our hearts, beliefs, ideals and passion, people become themselves. Taken as a whole constitute the culture of the two opposites coexist and complement each other, mutual penetration, promotion, can be neglected.
inconceivable how the lack of humanity that science can produce, how progress. no philosophical macro broad thinking, no history of deep background, not the rich artistic imagination, has no moral conscience bound by the conclusions of science will become a mechanical, dead knowledge, boring number, cold means, and that was the truth of faith to for the purpose of knowledge to explore the joy of science itself up?
In fact, today in the school of Science and utilitarian, pragmatic background, life has been lost, almost as a traditional witchcraft, alchemy no superstition mm difference as long as you believe it, use it, it can bring you amazing benefits.
former State Science and Technology Science and Technology, Dean of the Division of cadres said Professor Han: 20 years, the Chinese people all fields of technology, no one has made any of the original value of the new concepts, new systems and new methods. the last century, 60-70 years, China has the absolute area of the world's scientific and technological achievements, also show for 80 years associate creative achievement (national first prize for natural science and technological inventions every year), to the late 90s almost completely dried up (awards year after year these two vacancies in recent years, was canceled altogether) .13 billion people country, looking at to see the future, there is no Nobel Prize-winning line of hope.
science and education to implement the technology, technology for technology implementation, technical implementation of the economic benefits, and finally returned to the survival of animal and human consumption go up.
We have the means, with money, just forget who we are, what we want the inner personality. Thus, only the good people there I have, I cloud the cloud, people love me.
through science and education, science just rejuvenating means the country of Xing West rolled up the trend is still ups and downs, wait and see, follow the. Cultural Nation, culture represents the people's own ideas and goals, it is the social construction of self-esteem, confidence, self-reliant people.
Technology Education is only a tool of education, cultural education is character education. complete education course includes two ways. compared to the culture and education, science is only one aspect of culture, a development strategy should be the country's top cultural and educational strategy. So , technology and education is only a partial expression of the need to further enhance the cultural and educational and rejuvenating.
thinking why in the Chinese culture, much misunderstood, distorted, ridiculed?
recent years, there have been cultures in mainland China established provincial and municipal legislation Culture a class slogan. But then you look closely, basically \Special abuse. Although the so-called \
whitewash economic, political, propaganda and cultural objectives;
ceremony reflects the culture of authority and procedures;
ideological system of preaching culture;
specimens had become the custom culture;
abstraction in reproduce the traditional culture;
entertain pastime literati culture;
mass consumer culture are arty;
skills as a means of livelihood and cultural tools.
all of these are not cultural phenomenon of life ...
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