UNIX, is a powerful multi-user, multitasking operating system that supports a variety of processor architectures, according to the classification of the operating system, is time-sharing operating system.
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Basic Introduction to UNIX UNIX detailed history of the development of start-up of the 1127 Department of the dissolution of the status of the standard UNIX and LINUX UNIX and contact difference between the free Unix-Unix system, the basic profile of existing first by the Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy in 1969 at the AT & T's Bell Labs. After a long-term development and improvement, has grown into a mainstream operating system technology and products based on this technology a large family. Because UNIX has a mature technology, simple construction, high reliability, portability, and can operate, strong network and database capabilities, scalability, openness and good highlight and features to meet the actual needs of all walks of life, in particular, can meet the needs of key business enterprises, has become a major workstation platforms and important business platform. It is mainly installed in the giant computer, the mainframe as the network operating system, can also be used for personal computers and embedded systems. Was the preferred server operating system, accounting for the largest market share,
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UNIX details Ken and Dennis was first developed at Bell Labs Unix, and the next 10 years, Unix in academic institutions and large enterprises has been widely used, then the owner of AT & T UNIX The company will be inexpensive or even free license Unix source license for academic institutions to do research or teaching, many institutions on the basis of this source to be expanded and improved, forming the so-called Unix promote the development of Unix, which is one of the most famous variant of the University of California, Berkeley by the development of BSD products. AT & T was aware of the commercial value of Unix, the Unix source code is no longer authorized to academic institutions, and Unix and its variants before the rights of the copyright statement. Unix variant of BSD Unix in the history of development has considerable influence over the many commercial manufacturers use as the basis for many commercial Unix. BSD version with the main method of adding the minor version identification, such as 4.2BSD, 4.3BSD, on the basis of the original version also derived version, these versions usually have their own names, such as 4.3BSD-Net / 1,4.3 BSD-Net / 2 and so on. The growing influence of AT & T has finally aroused the concern, was the beginning of a protracted copyright lawsuits, this lawsuit has been hit AT & T will sell its Unix System Laboratories, the new company took over Novell adopted a more liberal approach, allowing the freedom of publishing their own Berkeley BSD, but the premise is the need to come from AT & T to completely remove the code, so the birth of the 4.4 BSD Lite version, this version does not exist as legal issues, 4.4BSD Lite has become the foundation of modern versions of BSD systems. Although later, non-commercial version of the UNIX system has been a lot of evolution, but the final, are based on BSD versions (Linux exception). So from this point on, 4.4 BSD is all the free version (Free Version) Unix foundation, they are Linux, Unix V, and together constitute the Unix operating system, this piece of bright stars. Gradually in the development of BSD derived from three main branches: FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD. The next few decades, Unix is still evolving, constantly changing its owners, also increasing the number of authorized persons. Unix has the copyright for all AT & T, followed by Novell with a Unix, Novell after the turn and then sold the copyright to the SCO (the fact that the two sides is still controversial.) There are many large companies have made Unix the authorization, developed its own Unix products, such as IBM's AIX, HP's HPUX, SUN's Solaris and SGI's IRIX. Unix operating system design concept, many of the current popular technologies and methods such as micro-kernel technology, process communication methods, TCP / IP protocol, client / server model are all derived from Unix, Unix operating system, almost all of the modern impact. Unix because of its safe, reliable, efficient and powerful features in the server space has been widely used. Until GNU / Linux popular before, Unix is scientific computing, mainframes, super computers and other operating systems used by the mainstream. UNIX history, start-up of the birth of Unix and Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing System) is a certain origin. Multics is a Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AT & T Bell Laboratories and General Electric cooperation of the operating system projects, and is designed to run in the GE-645 mainframe, but because the target is too large, too many features blend, Multics although released a number of products, but the performance is very low, and ultimately ended in failure. AT & T Multics project eventually withdraw from the investment of resources, one of the developers, Ken Thompson continued to develop software for the GE-645, and ultimately prepared a space travel game. Through actual operation, he found the game is slow and expensive expensive - will cost $ 75 each run. In the help of Dennis Ritchie, Thompson with the PDP-7 assembly language rewrite of the game and make it on the DEC PDP-7 up and running. This experience coupled with the experience of Multics project, led Thompson embarked on a DEC PDP-7 on the new operating system project. Thompson and Ritchie led a group of developers to develop a new multi-tasking operating system. The system consists of shell and some utilities, this project is called UNICS (Uniplexed Information and Computing System), because it can support simultaneous multi-user operation. Later the name was changed to UNIX. The initial development of Unix was written in assembly language, and some applications from the interpretation of the language called B-type hybrid language and written in assembly language. B during the system programming language is not strong enough, so Thompson and Ritchie were carried out transformation, and co-invented with the 1971 C language. 1973, Thompson and Ritchie rewrote using C language Unix. At the time, in order to achieve maximum efficiency, the system programs are written in assembly language, so Thompson and Ritchie This is a very bold and innovative and revolutionary. Unix with C code written in simple and compact, easy to transplant, easy to read, easy to modify, after the Unix development of this laid a solid foundation. In 1974, Thompson and Ritchie communication on cooperation in the ACM published an article on UNIX, this is the first time in UNIX outside Bell Labs. Since then UNIX is government agencies, research institutions, enterprises and universities noted and gradually became popular. In 1975, UNIX has released three versions 4,5,6. In 1978, already has about 600 computers running UNIX. In 1979, version 7 is released, this is the last release of a broad-based UNIX versions. The 20th century, have released 80 versions 8,9,
CHI Pink Dazzle Flat Iron,10 licensed only a few universities. Since then the research in this direction led to the emergence of Plan 9, which is a new distributed operating system. In 1982, AT & T based on version 7 UNIX System Ⅲ developed the first version, this is a commercial version for sale only. To address the UNIX version of the chaotic situation, AT & T combines developed by other universities and a variety of UNIX, developed the UNIX System V Release 1. This new version of UNIX commercial release no longer contains the source code, so the continued development of the University of California, Berkeley BSD UNIX, UNIX System III and V as an alternative. BSD of UNIX is one of the most important contributions TCP / IP. There are 8 major BSD releases included in TCP / IP: 4.1c ,4.2,4.3,4.3-Tahoe ,4.3-Reno, Net2, 4.4, and 4.4-lite. The release of the TCP / IP code in almost all systems now TCP / IP implementation of the predecessors, including AT & T System V UNIX and Microsoft Windows. Other companies also started their own minicomputer or workstation to provide commercial versions of UNIX systems and some System V as the basic version of choice, while others chose the BSD. , A leading developer of BSD, Bill Joy, developed based on the BSD SunOS, and eventually founded Sun Microsystems. In 1991, a group of BSD developers (Donn Seeley, Mike Karels, Bill Jolitz and Trent Hein) left the University of California, founded the Berkeley Software Design, Inc (BSDI). BSDI is the first common in cheaper Intel platform provides full-featured commercial BSD UNIX vendors. Later, Bill Jolitz left BSDI, began 386BSD work. 386BSD is considered to be FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD ancestors. AT & T continues to increase for the UNIX System V file locking, system management, job control, streaming and remote file systems. 1987 to 1989, AT & T decided to Xenix (Microsoft's development of a UNIX on x86-pc versions), BSD, SunOS and System V integration, System V Release 4 (SVR4). This new release will feature a variety of integrated, end the confusion competitive situation. After 1993, most commercial UNIX SVR4-based publishers are developing their own variants of UNIX. Status of UNIX System V Release 4 released shortly after, AT & T will sell all of its rights to the UNIX Novell. Novell expects this to counter Microsoft's Windows NT, but its core market has been seriously hurt, Novell eventually sold the rights to SVR4 to the X / OPEN Consortium, which is the UNIX standard definition of industry groups. Finally, X / OPEN and OSF / 1 merge, creating the Open Group. Open Group defined a number of standard definition of what is and what is not a UNIX. The actual UNIX code is the way to the Santa Cruz Operation, the company was sold to Caldera Systems. Caldera also sold the original Linux system, the transaction is completed, the new company has been renamed to SCO Group. Dissolution according to a 1127 department report said, was in charge of research and development work in UNIX and the subsequent maintenance department of Bell Labs 1127 was in August 2005 formally dissolved. Ken Thompson has retired and now lives in California; Dennis Ritchie transferred to other departments; Douglas McIlroy as a professor at Dartmouth College and so on. Standard since the 1980s UNIX, POSIX, an open operating system standard for the formulation, IEEE POSIX standards established by the foundation is now part of UNIX systems. The free Unix-built GNU project Richard Stallman, to create a class that can be freely distributed UNIX system. 20 years, the project has grown in strength, including more and more content. Now, GNU project development products, such as Emacs, GCC, have already released a variety of other UNIX-free products in the central role. In 1990, Linus Torvalds decided to write a own Minix kernel, first named Linus' Minix, Linus's Minix kernel means, and later changed its name to Linux, the kernel released in 1991, and gradually attracted people's attention. When the Linux kernel with GNU software, when combined, GNU software constitutes the POSIX-compliant operating system GNU / Linux foundation. Today GNU / Linux has become the most active development of free / open source Unix-operating system. In 1994, BSD Unix embarked on a recovery path. BSD's development is also to a number of different directions, and eventually led to the FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD to appear. The late 20th century, 60 in New Jersey, United States Telegraph and Telephone (AT & T), there is a dark, dank laboratory, where, AT & T's Bell Labs and MIT to develop a large single operating system, called Multics. At that time, Bell Labs team members are Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie,
cheap chi flat iron, Brian Kernighan, and a new Unix operating system made important contributions to the development of computer science research group (Computer Science Research Group) Some other members of the . to 1969, Bell Labs began to gradually lose interest in Multics, Multics system is very slow, and the huge cost, mainly in the mainframe to run General Electric, which is very expensive in the mainframe, and will soon be obsolete. The question is, Tompson and Multics team like the ability to provide, in particular, is independent of the user's environment and multi-user capabilities. In that year, Thompson wrote a computer game called Space Travel, its first Multics, and then again in GECOS ( GE computer operating system) on the run. The game simulates the solar system celestial movement, from players to drive the spacecraft to observe the scenery, and trying a variety of planets and the moon landing. The GE computer game is not very interesting, because of unstable performance, and not law, more importantly, to spend almost every game machine costs 100 dollars. In Thompson improve the game in the process, he discovered a little-used minicomputer PDF-7 (Digital Equipment Corporation produced), in Ritchie's help, Thompson rewrote the PDF-7 game. development process is done on the mainframe in the GE, and passed through the tape PDF-7. When Thompson of the PDF-7 some of the features, he did not just stop in the development of the game, but began to realize his early practice as a file system, the subsequent increase in the process, a simple file program (cp, mv), and he called the shell's command interpreter. until the second year, the newly developed system have its own name: Unix. The name is a pun on Multics,
chi turbo flat iron, proposed by Brian Kernighan. The original UNIX is written in a language of RMG, and then, Thompson tried to write a FORTRAN compiler, but without success, so he turned to the design of a language called B. Two years later,
chi pink dazzle hair straightener, that is, in 1971, Ritchie B, based on the design of a new programming language, the first edition, which is the C language . By 1973, in order to obtain compatibility and speed, all the UNIX system has been rewritten using C language. In the 20th century, 70s, AT & T has not yet divided into a number of regional operating companies before (as now) , the company was to prohibit the sale of new UNIX operating system. In order to find the best way out, Bell Labs will be available to colleges and universities, UNIX, only a small fee. These research institutions are willing to buy such a cheap and powerful PFP-11 computer system - they are a perfect match. Soon after, UNIX to become the choice of the operating system and software development. UNIX and LINUX for Linux and UNIX difference and the biggest difference is that the former is open source code of free software, which is the source code to implement intellectual property protection of traditional business software. This should be the biggest difference between them, this difference is reflected in the former users have high autonomy, while the latter can only adapt to the passive; this difference is also reflected in the development of the former are in a completely open the environment, which is entirely in the development of a black box, only the relevant developers to gain access to product prototypes. The other two major differences: 1) UNIX and Linux operating systems as a business, compared to its support for more types of hardware, but the two run nearly as stable. 2) are both multi-user, multitasking operating system can also be as the network operating system. free Unix-built GNU project Richard Stallman, the freedom to create a UNIX-release system. 20 years, the project has grown in strength, including more and more content. Now, GNU project development products, such as Emacs, GCC, have already released a variety of other UNIX-free products in the core role. In 1990, Linus Torvalds decided to write a own Minix kernel, first named Linus' Minix, Linus's Minix kernel means, and later changed its name to Linux, the kernel released in 1991, and gradually attracted people's attention. When the Linux kernel with GNU software, when combined, GNU software constitutes the POSIX-compliant operating system GNU / Linux foundation. Today GNU / Linux has become the most active development of free / open source Unix-operating system. In 1994, BSD Unix embarked on a recovery path. BSD's development is also to a number of different directions, and eventually led to the FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD to appear. [1] the existing Unix system in the Unix copyright lawsuit later, Novell took over the UNIX source code. Companies to adopt a more enlightened approach to source code, which allows Berkeley released its own BSD, AT & T provided that the code will be deleted. Thus, there has been 4.4 BSD Lite, this version is the foundation of modern BSD. UNIX Version6 after a period of time release, and then, UNIX BSD differentiation and UNIX Version 7. UNIX Version 7 and further development of System III, System V.2, System V.3. Novell made UNIX code, expected in order to counter Microsoft's Windows NT, but its core market has been seriously hurt, Novell eventually sold the rights to SVR4 to the X / OPEN Consortium, which is the UNIX standard definition of industry groups. Finally, X / OPEN and OSF / 1 merge, creating the Open Group. Open Group defined a number of standard definition of what is and what is not a UNIX. The actual UNIX code is the way to the Santa Cruz Operation, the company was sold to Caldera Systems. Caldera also sold the original Linux system, the transaction is completed, the new company has been renamed to SCO Group. There are many large companies have made Unix the authorization, developed its own Unix products, such as IBM's AIX, HP's HP-UX, SUN's Solaris and SGI's IRIX. The current number of systems such as AIX, HP-UX, Solaris, IRIX, BSD, are all branches of UNIX,
chi iron, although some of their own changes, but we can still call it Unix. Now the system can not find a called Unix, AT & T responsible for the development of the 1127 departmental UNIX disbanded in 2005, there is no known specific UNIX systems still in use, we do not know. Linux, Minix can only be called UNIX-Like systems, not UNIX. Atlas Atlas entry for more reference materials 1
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