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Reprinted from 799970420 at 19:59 on December 9, 2010 Reading (loading. ..) Comments (0) Category: Miscellaneous world Kan
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1, the butterfly effect: the 70s of last century, an American meteorologist named Lorenz system theory in the interpretation of the air, said that occasionally the Amazon rain forest a butterfly wing vibration, and perhaps two weeks would be caused by a tornado in Texas. -
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the butterfly effect is that the very small changes in initial conditions continued to enlarge after its future status will cause a very great difference. Some small things can be confusing, and some small things, such as amplified by the system, then an organization, a country is very important to not confused. -
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2, frog phenomenon: a frog into hot water directly into the pot, because of its adverse reactions are very sensitive environment, it will quickly jump out the pot outside. If you put a frog into a pot of cold water and slowly heated, the frog will not immediately jump out of the pot, the water temperature gradually increased the ultimate outcome is to be boiled frog died because the water temperature so high that the frog can not stand, it has been too late, or there is no ability to jump out the pot outside. -
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frog phenomenon tells us that a number of mutation events, they often cause people to alert, and prone to cause deadly it is in the feel-good circumstances, the gradual deterioration of the actual situation, there is no clear detection. -
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3, crocodiles rule: its intent is to assume that a crocodile bite your feet,
belstaff jackets outlet, if you hand to try to break your foot, while crocodile will bite your feet and hands. The more you struggle, the more to be bitten. In the event crocodile bite your feet, your only way is to sacrifice one foot. -
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example, in the stock market, crocodiles rule is: when you find yourself trading in the direction away from the market, must immediately stop, without any delay and shall not have any luck. -
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4, catfish effect: In the past, sardines, low survival rate during transportation. After it was found that, if put a catfish in the sardines, the situation is somewhat improved, the survival rate will be greatly enhanced. This is why it? -
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had catfish in to a strange environment, will be \Such a \This problem is solved hypoxia sardines, and sardines, will not die. -
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5, herding: sheep where to go, where to go behind the sheep to follow. -
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herding stock investment was first a term mainly refers to the investors in the transaction process in learning and imitation phenomenon, \the same stock. -
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6, hedgehogs rule: two sleepy hedgehog, as cold and owned together. May be because their body is long with spines, so they left some distance, but can not stand the cold, then get together. After a frustrating, two hedgehogs has finally found a suitable distance: both with each other to obtain the other's warm and was not subject to bar. -
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hedgehog law mainly refers to interpersonal relationships in the \-
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7, watch Law: Law is when a person watches have a table, you can know what time it is, and when he has two not being able to determine. Two tables and can not tell a person more accurate time, so they will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time. -
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watch law in business management gives us a very intuitive inspiration, is the same person or an organization can not be used with two different methods, can not set two different goals, and even each individual can not be two people to simultaneously command, or will the business or personal loss. -
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8, the broken windows theory: a house if the windows broke, no one to fix it, repeat it soon, other windows will be broken somehow; a wall, if the graffiti is not some washed, quickly the walls covered with a mess on, unsightly thing; a very clean place, people taking out the trash sorry, but once litter on the ground appears, people will not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed. -
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9, twenty-eight law (Pareto's law): the late 19th early 20th century Italian economist Pareto that in any group of things, the most important and only a small portion, about 20% Although a majority of the remaining 80%, but it is secondary. About 80% of social wealth is concentrated in the hands of 20%, while 80% of people with only 20% of the social wealth. This statistical imbalance in the social,
belstaff uk, economic and life everywhere, this is the twenty-eight law. -
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twenty-eight rules tell us,
belstaff coat, do not mean to analyze, process and look at the problem, business and management to seize the vital few; to identify those who can provide a 80% profit, but only 20% of total key customers, to enhance its services to achieve a multiplier effect; business leaders to work seriously on the classification analysis, it is necessary to solve the main effort on key issues, focus on major projects. -
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10, bucket theory: the composition of the board if the length of the missing barrels, then the bucket of water is not determined Sheng was the longest piece of wood, but it depends on the shortest piece of wood. -
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11, Matthew: \-
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sociologist derived from a \-
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1, Birdcage logic -
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a beautiful bird cage hanging in the room where the most prominent, a few days, the owner will make one of the following two options: throw away the cage, or buy a bird cage on the back Lane. This is the cage logic. The process is simple, imagine you are the owner of the room, as long as people entered the room and saw the cage, they can not help but ask you: \kept a bird. \Cage logical reason is simple: most of the time people are taking the inertia of thinking. It can be seen in the life and work develop logical thinking how important it is. -
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2, broken window effect -
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psychology there is a phenomenon called the \If there are some graffiti is not cleansed, and soon, on the wall covered with a mess, unsightly things. A very clean place, people would be embarrassed taking out the trash, but once litter on the ground appears, people will have no hesitation?, Did not feel ashamed. It was very strange phenomenon. -
psychologists is the \bad in the end. -
anything bad, if not stop off at the beginning, the formation of culture,
belstaff jacket, change can get rid of, as if the river bank, a small gap is not timely repair, dams can collapse, causing the loss of millions of times. -
disorder is actually the result of crime, New York City in the 80's when the rush is really everywhere, every day not to kill, in broad daylight to be afraid of walking in the street. Not to mention the subway, car dirty, dirty sentence painted everywhere, on the subway, feel insecure. Although I have not been seized, but the professors have been in broad daylight, struck a note Sap, blind, from the end of his research career, so I talk about Tiger color for many years, not alone to New York. New York city and the city recently raised a lot of reputation, so I am quite surprised that a city has been sinking, can escape from the dead, and to push. -
So when I went out to meet, met a criminologist, one immediately to him for advice, the original New York City is the last book with the broken window effect in terms of theory, first to improve the criminal environment in which people is not easy crime-Hyde Budao slowly return to order. -
Although this approach was criticized as being slow, \handcuffed in a row standing on the platform, open to the public declaration of the Government's determination to rectify and found very effective. -
police found that people really are less likely to occasion in a clean crime, also found that fare evasion grasp rewarding, because each of those seven had a fare evasion was wanted, there is one in twenty to carry weapons, so Police are willing to grasp fare evasion very seriously, which makes criminals not fare evasion, did not dare go out with weapons to avoid more harm than good, runs the risk. This New York City, from the smallest, the easiest place to proceed to break the criminal link of (chain), so this vicious cycle can not continue. -
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3, diffusion of responsibility effect -
dispersion effect for the formation of liability reasons, psychologists have done a lot of experiments and surveys found that: this phenomenon can not just say that all of the callous, or moral decay of the performance increased. In different occasions, people's acts of assistance there is a difference. When a person in an emergency situation, if only he can provide help, he would clearly aware of their responsibilities, provide assistance to the victims. If he refused to help produce feelings of guilt, feelings of guilt, which requires paying a high psychological price. And if the presence of many people, help the responsibility for seeking help from the people to share, resulting in fragmentation of responsibility, the responsibility of each person to share very few spectators and even that may not even his own sense of a responsibility not to produce A \How to break this situation, which is being studied by psychologists is an important topic. -
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4, Parkinson's Law -
North British historian
Good? Parkinson through long-term research,
belstaff online, write a book called \In his book, agency personnel explained the reasons for and consequences of inflation: an incompetent officials, there may be three ways, first is the application for resignation, the seat give competent people; the second is to make a competent person to assist their work; third appointment of two levels lower than they were when the assistant. This first way is absolutely Zou Bude, because that would lose many rights; second way can not go, because that would be capable of their opponents; seems that only a third way most appropriate. As a result, two mediocre assistant sharing his work, he is high above orders, they will not pose a threat to their rights. Since the inability of two assistants, they calling the shots, then two more for his inability to find an assistant. And so on, to form a bloated, overstaffed, wrangling with each other, inefficient leadership system. -
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5, the halo effect -
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famous Russian literary giant Pushkin Zengyin role halo effect suffered a great deal. He was fanatically in love with is called \Natan Li looks amazing, but with different channel sub-Puhi Jin-Zhi. When the time to write poetry Pushkin read it to her time. She always covered their ears and said: \death duel, a literary giant to fall prematurely. Appears in Pushkin, a beautiful woman is bound to have great wisdom and noble character, however, is not the case, a phenomenon known as the halo effect. -
the so-called halo effect, that is, interpersonal communication, people who exhibit the characteristics of a particular aspect, cover the other features, resulting in interpersonal cognitive disorders. In daily life, the \For instance, some disadvantage of the elderly individual young people, or dress, habits and find it unacceptable to think that they necessarily good for nothing; some young people a thing about the admiration of friends, you will see him everywhere lovely, really the so-called \Halo effect is a sweeping subjective psychological speculation, the error is: First, it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics and habits of individual push and, just like Mangrenmoxiang as a point on behalf of the surface; the second It is not intrinsically linked to some of the personality or physical characteristics associated with the assertion that such features are bound to have other characteristics; Third, it definitely said yes to all that bad on all the negative, which is a absolute domination by the tendency of subjective bias. In short, the halo effect is the interpersonal relationships in a great psychological impact on people with cognitive impairment, we have contacts to try to avoid and overcome the side effects of halo effect. -
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6, Hawthorne effect (Hawthorne effect) -
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psychological effects of an experimenter. 20-30 years of the 20th century, U.S. researchers in the Chicago Western Electric Company Hawthorne factory's working conditions, social factors and the relationship between production efficiency experimenter effect found in experiments, said Hawthorne effect. -
The first phase of the experiment
November 1924 from the beginning of the working conditions and productivity of the relationship between the test group and control group. Increase or control the results regardless of illumination in the experimental group yields are rising, but the same illumination output of the control group also increased. In addition, tests of the wages paid, the coffee break time, the length of daily and weekly number of days of work and other factors, can not see these working conditions, there is a direct impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the trial by the U.S. Mayo led by Harvard professor, focuses on social factors and the relationship between productivity and found that the production efficiency is mainly caused by the experimenter in the spirit of the great changes have taken place. Participate in the trial of the workers were placed in special laboratory researchers led by their social conditions changed, the concerns from all sides, creating a feeling of participating, feel that they are an important part of the company, so workers aspects from the social point of view are motivated to promote the production increase. -
This effect tells us that when students or their attention or attention by the public, the study and would greatly increase the efficiency of communication. Therefore, in our daily lives with others learn to get along and understand what kind of behavior is accepted by students and teachers and appreciation, and we can only live and learn and continually increase their good behavior, it may be more people's attention and appreciation, but also can make our learning progress, full of confidence! -
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7, learned helplessness experiments -
image upload in: fun bar �� U148.Net the earliest effects of learned helplessness and the West Krugman Overmyer found later in animal and human studies have been widely discussed. Simply put, many experiments show that trained dogs can cross the barriers or engage in other behavior to avoid the shock the experimenter added to it. However, if the dogs are not expected before (do not know when to come) and can not be controlled by electric shock (such as interruption of electric shock or not does not depend on the dog's behavior), when the dog was the chance to escape electric shock, they have changed was unable to escape. Moreover, the dogs also showed other defects, such as frustration and depression, reduced motivation and so on. -
dog show why this situation is due early in the experiment learned a sense of helplessness. That is, they realize that no matter what their own can not control the termination shock. In each experiment, the shock is terminated under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will be aware of their inability to change the external control, to learn a sense of helplessness. -
person who had learned helplessness to become a deep despair and sadness. Therefore, we should study and life in the open their eyes a little and see the real events behind the decision factors, do not make our own despair. -
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8, the witness's memory -
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witness, in our understanding of where, usually to provide some objective evidence, that his own witness and hear the things people who speak out honestly. However, psychological research shows that the testimony of many witnesses are not very accurate, or that is a personal preference, with personal views and awareness. -
witness testimony of their confidence and their testimony can not determine the accuracy of the results of this study is surprising. Mrs fees can be special and psychologist Howard Springs decided to this conclusion more in-depth study. In order to investigate whether the testimony of witness something special, they will witness memory and the memory of general knowledge were compared. -
they make were shown a short video is about the kidnapping of a girl. The next day, to answer some of the subjects in the content of the video and asked them to tell the degree of confidence in their answer, then do a recognition memory test. Next, use the same method, the content of popular literature from the encyclopedia and the general knowledge of selected issues. -
and as happened before, Perot fees can be special and Howard Springs also found that the accuracy of the witness recalled, those confident of their answers than those who do not actually have people who do not have confidence greater,
belstaff leather, but For general knowledge, the situation is not the case, people with high confidence in memories of people who score better than the lack of confidence. -
people in the general knowledge about their strengths and weaknesses with self-knowledge. Therefore, tend to modify their test results for the confidence scale. General knowledge is a database, is shared between individuals, it has recognized the correct answer, the subjects can go measure. For example, people will know that the issue of whether in sports or even almost better than others. However, the event witnessed the impact from such self-knowledge. For example, on the whole, they are unlikely to know the event than others, the participants in the memory area hair color better or worse. -
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9, Rosenthal Effect -
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Rosenthal, American psychologist, who in 1968 conducted a famous experiment. Them to a primary election in the three sixth grade classes of the children making a fuss of the \In fact, this list is not determined according to test results, but randomly selected. It is based on \8 months later, another intelligence test results showed that, the list of general improvement in student achievement, teachers also gave their good conduct reviews. This experiment has achieved miraculous results, It is considered by teachers to students the subtle psychological effects, so that teachers expect students to achieve the progress of the phenomenon, known as the \Pygmalion (Pygmalion of Cyprus in Greek mythology, the king, he produced a statue of a girl he loved his desire to eventually make this into a real statue, the two fall in love with.) -
educational practice also shows that: if a teacher like some of the students, they will have high expectations, after a period of time, students feel the teachers care, love and encouragement; often positive attitude towards teachers, towards learning and towards own behavior, students more self-esteem, confidence, self-love, self-induce a positive passion, these students often expect teachers to obtain progress. In contrast, teachers who are ignored, discriminated against students from the teacher's discourse over time, manner, facial expressions of teachers felt the \requirements; these students often worse day by day, and finally reduced to the bad elements of society. Despite some exceptions, but the trend is that, while it also sounded the alarm for teachers. -
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10, false share deviation (false consensus bias) -
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We usually believe that our love is the same with most people. If you like playing computer games, then it may overestimate the number of people like computer games. You will usually overestimate the students to vote on their favorite numbers, overestimate their own prestige in the population and leadership and so on. This overestimation of your behaviors and attitudes you have the same tendency of the number of features is called \Some factors that may affect your share of this false bias strength: -
(1) When an external attribution was stronger than the internal attribution; -
(2) current behavior or events when a person is very important; -
(3) When you are very sure of their point of view, or believe that the time; -
(4) When your status or some kind of normal life and learning be threatened; -
(5) When it comes to some kind of positive qualities or individuality; -
(6) When you and other people as when they are similar. -