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rates (H7)<br />A tax on non-agricultural property long used in the UK to finance local government expenditure. Periodically, property was revalued on the basis of the expected rental income from property of that type to calculate its rateable value. Each local authority decided, knowing the total rateable value of all properties in its area, what rate in the pound must be levied to obtain a desired level of revenue. Each property owner paid an amount equal to the rateable value of the property times the rate in the pound. As such local taxation has long been condemned for being full of anomalies, many proposals for reforming it have been made. In 1989 in Scotland and in 1990 in England and Wales, the domestic rate was replaced by the COMMUNITY CHARGE (nicknamed 'the poll tax'); in 1990, the UNIFORM BUSINESS RATE replaced business rates.<br /><em>Reference</em><br />Foster, C.D., Jackman, R.A. and Perlman, M. (1980) Local Government Finance in a Unitary State, London: Allen & Unwin.<br /> Layfield Committee (1976) Local Govern-

National Labor Relations Board (J5)<br />US federal board created in 1933 and subsequently authorized by the WAGNER ACT. It attempts to prevent and remedy unfair labour practices, to promote coLLECTIVE BARGArNrNG by conducting secret ballots to establish whether a labour organization can represent a group of workers.

<strong>Verification</strong> – A school' s procedure for checking the accuracy of information reported by students on their FAFSAs.

objectives of firms (L2)<br />What a FIRM has as its a1m or target. PROFIT MAXIMIZATION is assumed in many theories of the firm to be the central aim of a firm but research since the 1930s has noted that managers have many other objectives, partly because they are not shareholders directly rewarded in proportion to a firm's profitability. Objectives replacing profit maximization include sales maximization, maintaining (or increasing) a market share and achieving a target rate of return on capital employed. See also: managerial models of the firm; theory of the firm

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