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100814 2009年06月12日 01:40 阅读(loading...) 评论(0) 分类：采购相关
如今的商业环境中，企业面临的最大挑战之一就是如何运用技术在全球市场中进行竞争。这其中涉及到产品的更优 化的设计、更高的品质以及更快的市场进入。采购在从新产品的研发阶段到生产阶段的过程中充当着 关键角色。
首先让我们看看新产品开发中的一个重要战略――同步设计（Concurrent Engineering）。同步设计是指一个或几个工作小组对产品及其制造流程同时设计,wholesale jerseys。它通过在早期的设计阶段对产品特点，如可制造性、可购性、可靠性、可维护性、可计划性以及市场化等，进行 全面的考量，以防在后期的生产阶段发生不必要的问题或延误。

由于��方面的任何决定对产品的长远成本和生存有着深远的影响，所以，占产品/服务总开支的5%~15%的设计成本直接影响着总成本中的70%。也就是说，一旦产品/服务设计完后，绝大部分成本也就随之确定了。所以采购与设计部门在诸多领域的紧密合作显得尤为重要。以下就 对这些领域逐一加以论述。

研究开发（Research & Development）
当R&D部门一旦将新产品/服务概念化后，应该马上征询采购的意见。因为采购可以提供极有建设性的意见，并能很快的找出潜在资源。设计 与采购密切合作能为研发工作带来有价值的信息，能加快新产品的上市速度，同时还能降低成本，改 善品质。

替代品和产品创新
采购不但对公司使用的各种零部件了如指掌，而且还掌握了大量的资源信息。因此，他们能以最低的成本向设计部 门推荐能满足性能规格的零部件。而且，由于采购还了解熟悉相关行业的优秀供应商，这些供应商有可能提供比原 设计更合理、更经济的零部件，所以，采购同这些供应商的密切关系也能为设计带来有价值的东西,authentic nfl jerseys。另外，如果公司的设计资源跟不上新产品的开发要求，就有可能寻求外界的设计服务，这时采购人员就能充分发 挥自己在合同管理、资格认证和谈判技能方面的优势，使有关的风险降到最低，确保设计能准时圆满 的完成。

供应商的早期参与（Early Supplier Involvement, ESI）
ESI是指让一个或几个选出的供应商和采购方的设计小组一起合作，进行早期的产品规格开发，其目的就是利用 供应商的专业技能和经验来使工艺、组装和运送等更有成效。由于采购对于供应商的早期参与以及参与程度方面最 有发言权，他们最了解如何挖掘供应商的价值，所以，在ESI方面采购同样能发挥重要作用。

寻购和成本/利润问题
前面所提到的“同步设计”中，如果采购能在早期就参与到产品设计中的话，就能发挥很大的作用。

采购的价值在产品的研发阶段最大，随着越来越接近下订单的过程，采购的价值也就逐渐减少。除了早期参与设计 外，采购擅长的任务还有寻购（Sourcing）,youth nfl jerseys，即确定哪个供应商以及与之确立何等程度的合作关系。另外，采购的贡献还在于对采购市场的预测和合同谈判。 由于在Intel公司，产品生命周期已变得越来越短，如果不能做到一次性成功的话，根本就没有时间加以弥补 。所以，绩效监督反而成为最次要的部分。当然，对于产品生命周期较长的公司，如汽车制造行业，采购的精力往 往更多地化在对现有产品的成本降低上，因此，即使生产开始后，潜在的成本下降依然是个主要课题 。
目标成本
大家知道，目标成本就是以市场的接受价格减去企业的期望利润所得的结果。在这个成本下,cheap jerseys，企业所有职能的成本,nhl hockey jerseys，如销售、配送、生产、劳力和物料等都要考虑进去。显然，采购成本当然是最重要的部分之一。所以，为了有效 地达到目标成本，采购必须参与到设计小组中去，与设计人员一起对设计进行修改和完善，使产品不但能符合功能 要求，还能满足目标成本的要求。值得注意的是，目标成本是个互动过程，必须有供应商的大力参与。如果在新产 品要求的时间范围内无法完成目标成本的话，企业必须决定采取何种措施，是取消新产品计划还是延迟新产品计划 ？由于目标成本不是孤立存在的，对其实施的最有效办法就是通过建立跨职能小组，同时还要结合供应商早期参与 、价格分析和价值工程等策略。
市场进入速度
产品的市场进入速度已成为企业间竞争的重要手段之一，它包括两个重要方面，即新产品的开发速度和产品在公司 整个运作体系的“管道”中的传输速度。采购的作用在于尽早对供应商进行认证和确认，以便提供稳定的物料部件 和服务。同时还要将适合的供应商带入早期的设计过程,nfl jerseys cheap。另外，产品在公司整个运作体系中的流动，即从确定产品需求一直到交货给用户这一循环周期，也是影响市场进 入速度的重要因素。因此，为了加快产品的市场进入速度，必须做好下面的事项。
提高预测的准确度 对零部件进行必要的简化和标准化 选择的供应商应尽量靠近生产或配送中心 改善同下游客户和上游供应商的沟通 减少浪费，降低在制品的库存 运作系统的设计要富有弹性 以上这些工作都是同供应管理的职能息息相关的，所以供应管理有充分的空间施展自己的才能。
除了上述几方面外，采购与供应人员在供应商开发，采购资金的获取等方面也扮演了重要角色。新产品开发必须充 分利用采购在企业中的战略地位，供应商也应成为研发过程的一员。采购与供应人员在供应商和最终使用者之间担 负着重要的信息传递和交换工作。

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